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Just 48 hours after the outbreak of popular protests in Kazakhstan, his land was trampled by Russian boots.
Moscow troops were invited by the Kazakh president to restore order as part of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), a Russian-led military alliance that was once described as a NATO-like body but that never had its success.
As the Cold War drew to a close in July 1991, the Warsaw Pact, an alliance of eight socialist states opposed to the Soviet Union’s response to NATO, was dissolved. Less than a year later Russia and five of its allies in the Commonwealth of Independent States, an open club of post-Soviet states, signed the new Collective Security Treaty, which entered into force in 1994. One of the most smaller, weaker and less ambitious than the Warsaw Pact, but since 2002, as Central Asia was geopolitically stretching, and America had invaded Afghanistan, it declared itself the Collective Security Treaty Organization, a full-fledged military alliance, says The Economist.
Russia sees the CSTO as a useful tool to strengthen its control over Central Asia, in the face of Western but also Chinese intervention. The other members of the organization benefit from the help of the powerful and advanced Russian armed forces. To this week, however, no CSTO member has ever implemented Article 4 of his treaty, a mutual protection clause very similar to the well-known NATO Article 5 that is practically at its core, as it guarantees collective protection of all members.
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